Indeed a Long Way







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英国封建贵族体系的没落(二):黑死病、农民起义和玫瑰战争

黑死病(the Black Death)的后果之一 


  由老鼠身上的跳蚤传播的致命瘟疫——黑死病(the Black Death)在1348-1349大爆发,同时加大了正处于“百年战争”(the Hundred Years' War)的中的人们恐慌。黑死病最先在意大利爆发,接着传入了法莫道不消魂国、德国、英国,传播速度快得使人们来不及获得警告以及找到治愈之方。染上了黑死病的人通常在两三天内死去。有一个谨慎的估计报道指出当时英格兰一半的人口死于这次瘟疫大流行。


  黑死病的流行使得大量佃户(tenants)死亡,没有足够的劳动力来耕作土地,造成了大量土地被荒废。由此劳动力的价值在那时越来越珍贵。


  在黑死病爆发前,在英格兰从事土地耕作的主要是农奴(serfs)以及租户(tenant-peasants)。佃户从属于不同的贵族(barons),他们缴纳规定的赋税(stated dues)给他们的主人并且执行明确的效劳事务(definite services)。至于农奴,他们被限制在了他们必须劳作的土地上,过着更低下的生活。


  很快黑死病带来的后果就被感受到了。由于劳动力短缺,幸存下来的农奴们要求增加他们讨价还价的权利(the bargaining power)。他们认为自己已经处于一个有利的地位,即从农奴地位转到受雇劳动力的地位(from serfdom to paid labour)。那些自由的劳动者开始要求更高的工钱。为了有一个更好的生活,越来越多的农奴逃离他们的主人,因为当时遍地都是新的工作机会。


  为了保护土地所有者的利益,政府开始通过压制的法案(repressive measures)来使工钱保持在一个低水平上。第一部劳工法案——《劳工法案》(the Statute of Labourers)于1351年在爱德华三世(King Edward III)的议会下通过。这部法案禁止劳动者要求的工钱超过“太平绅士”(Justices of the Peace,地方法官、公证人)所规定的价格。每一个劳动者都得在规定的工钱水平线下劳作,违者会被关进监狱。随后通过的另一部法案规定任何离开当前工作岗位以获得更高工钱的工人将被在前额印上字母“F”,意为“错误”(falsehood)。“人头税”(poll taxes)加重了农户(peasants)的不幸。人头税被政府要求人人必交,以维持在“百年战争”中的开销。


  于是农民们采取了有组织的起义行动。


农民起义(The Peasants' Revolt)


  除了农民们要求改革外,一些贫穷的教士也感到了改革的需要,他们被称为“Lollards”。这些教士抨击贵族们建立在剥削基础上的奢华生活,要求获得上帝面人的平等权利。这群教士由约翰·威克利夫(John Wycliffe)领佳节又重阳导,所以又被称为“威克利夫派教徒”。其中有个名叫约翰·波尔(John Ball)的教士对社会不公做出了反抗的呼喊:“当亚当耕田、夏娃织布时,贵族老爷在何处?”
    When Adam delved and Eve Span
    Who was then the gentleman?
  这些词句变成著名的歌谣(ballard),帮助唤醒了农民对自身权利和自身实力的意识。最后,农民起义爆发了。
       
     John Wycliffe gives his Bible translation to Lollard followers
           (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollard)


  1381年,农民起义在埃塞克斯(Essex)和肯特(Kent)爆发。为了支撑“百年战争”的开销而向农民们统一征收的(flat rate)每人一先令(shilling)的人头税是一个诱因。泰勒(Wat Tyler)和斯特罗(Jack Straw)是起义军最重要的领佳节又重阳导者。泰勒领佳节又重阳导的反抗军向伦敦进发。由于许多商人(merchants)和手工业制造者需要自由劳动力,所以他们支持农民们的一些要求,就为起义军打开了伦敦城的大门。年仅14岁的理查得二世(King Richard II)和他的大臣们逃进了伦敦塔(the Tower of London)避难。伦敦无续的状况持续了好几天。外国人被杀,街区被洗劫。国王的两个重要的随员被从塔里抓了出来杀掉,分别是坎特伯雷的大主教兼大法官(上议院长)(the Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor)的Simon Sudbury以及财政大臣(the Treasurer)Sir Robert Hales。


  由于没有足够的力量对抗起义军,皇族决定玩弄阴谋策略。国王同意在六月十五日(on 6th June)出伦敦城外会见农民并接受他们的请愿(petition)。请愿书的主要要求为:
   (1)所有农奴(serfs)都得自由(be freed);
   (2)起义军获得宽恕并不会被追究责任被惩罚;
   (3)降低租税(the rent);
   (4)武装收税员(armed tax collectors)不再到乡村收税。


  当双方谈判正在进行的时候,泰勒被伦敦市长杀害。起义军相信了国王,回到了各自的家乡。但是皇族并没有宽恕农民起义军,国王很快召集起来的4万军队把许多起义分子找了出来并杀害。


  起义失败了,但是国王也不得不做出一些妥协来缓和已广泛传播的怒气。不久贫农们不在被要求缴纳人头税,但富农等仍然要缴纳。这次起义对结束英格兰的农奴体制起了重要的作用,尽管当时的法律还没有正式取消农奴制度。此次起义后,农奴可以用现金向领主(the lord)交纳税款(dues),代替了向领主劳作。这样他们农奴的主要特点就少了一个。土地拥有者雇佣(hire)人们来为自己耕种。


玫瑰战争(the Wars of the Roses)(1455-1485)


  在结束了和法莫道不消魂国的百年战争两年后,英格兰又陷入了一系列的内战中——玫瑰战争(the War of the Roses)。


  在百年战争期间,许多好战的贵族都在法莫道不消魂国征战。战争结束后,他们带着大批的雇佣军(mercenary soldiers)回到了英格兰,并且想在国内获得财富和权力。


  1455年,约克公爵(the Duke of York)试图篡取兰开斯特王朝的亨利六世(the Lancastrian King Henry VI)的王位(双方都是“金雀花王朝”,the Plantagenet family的分支),玫瑰战争爆发了。战争因双方不同的玫瑰徽记而得名。兰开斯特王室的标志是红玫瑰而约克王室的标志是白玫瑰。但这个名称却是被19世纪伟大的小说家Sir Walter Scott首先使用的。


  支持兰开斯特(the Lancastrians)一方的是苏格兰和威尔士的贵族,这个国家最落后的封建力量。而约克(the Yorkists)一方获得了先进的南方贵族力量的支持,尽管这支持不是那么活跃。这次战争是为夺取王国控制权而竞争的支持不同王室的贵族之间的战争。也可以说是南方具有商业头脑(commercial-minded)的新贵族(the gentry)和落后的北方和西部的地主贵族之间的战争。


  战争充满了犯罪。每次胜利都尾随着许许多多的谋杀阴谋。胜利者夺取了失败者的土地和其它财产。双方胜负时常易位。结果,战争对双方都是毁灭性的。这场战争中,几乎所有贵族宗室都卷入了进来,大约有80多拥有皇家血统的贵族成员被杀。战争使得旧贵族的力量被大大的削减,有利于之后的中央集权国家的建立。


  玫瑰战争断断续续进行了30年。1485年,亨利·都铎(Henry Tudor)即位,成为亨利七世(Henry VII),结束了这场内战。亨利七世是都铎王朝(the Tudor Monarchy)的建立者。


  莎士比亚的一些历史剧,如《亨利六世》、《理查得三世》描写了这场“玫瑰战争”的主要人物和事件。


  随着玫瑰战争的结束,已经在欧洲大陆广泛传播的“文艺复兴”(the Renaissance)运动得以进入英国。英格兰的历史进入了新的一页。

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Fragments

These days when I wanted to search some information on the Internet—what a miracle! How coincident! The last lecture that I took in my 4 years' undergraduate life (which I have mentioned in '一葉一菩提'), and I was in two of those photos!

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I only copied some of those photos. For more, at
http://bbs.wybstv.com.cn/viewthread.php?tid=26563


 斷章
  ——卞之琳
你站在橋上看風景,
看風景的人在樓上看你。
明月裝飾了你的窗子,
你裝飾了別人的夢。


我們今天所叫做生活的,過後它便是歷史。——林徽因

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英国封建贵族体系的没落(一):英法百年战争

英法百年战争(the Hundred Years’s War)(1337—1453)


  诺曼人(the Normans)征服了英格兰后,英格兰国王在法莫道不消魂国拥有大片土地。亨利二世(Henry II)在位时实际控制了法莫道不消魂国的西半部。国王约翰(King John)失去了一些,但是面积很大的阿基坦公国(Aquitaine: A historical region of southwest France between the Pyrenees and the Garonne River. The duchy of Aquitaine was joined with France after the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine to King Louis VII in 1137, but its possession was disputed after her subsequent marriage to Henry II of England)领地(duchy)仍属于英格兰国王。随着议会制度(Parliament)的出现,英格兰逐渐在14世纪早期成为一个强大的国家,并且英格兰的资产阶层(bourgeoisie)也获得的更多的权利。英格兰感到扩展海外市场对本国的发展是必需的。与此同时,法莫道不消魂国也成为一个强大的国家。法莫道不消魂国的国王想要收回他们被割去的大片土地。两国在海外市场,特别是弗兰德斯(Flanders or Flandre in French: A historical region of northwest Europe including parts of northern France, western Belgium, and southwest Netherlands along the North Sea. For many centuries it enjoyed virtual independence and great prosperity as a center of the cloth industry. The Hapsburg wars in the Low Countries caused the eventual division of the region, which suffered heavy damage during both World Wars.)的羊毛贸易市场以及大陆领土归属上的冲突导致了“百年战争”。


  战争的导火索是对法莫道不消魂国王位的继承权争夺。1328年,法莫道不消魂国国王查理四世逝世,法莫道不消魂国卡佩王朝(the House of Carpet, 987—1328)绝嗣,支裔瓦卢瓦王朝(the House of Valois, 1328—1589)的腓力六世(Philip VI of France, 1293—22 August 1350)继位(1328—1350)。
  法莫道不消魂国的军舰在英吉利海峡(the English Channel)巡视沿岸区域。1337年,腓力六世宣称收回加斯科尼的封邑(the Gascon fief; Gascony: A historical region and former province of southwest France. Settled originally by Basque peoples, it was conquered by the Romans and later by the Visigoths and Franks. A new wave of Basque invaders from south of the Pyrenees established the duchy of Vasconia in the sixth century A.D. In 1052 Gascony passed to the duchy of Aquitaine, and after serving as a major battlefield during the Hundred Years' War, it finally became part of the French royal domain in 1607)的主权,同时援引封地法律(feudal law)称英王爱德华三世不关心法莫道不消魂国国王的需求需要(not attending to the needs and demands of his lord)而违背了他的誓言。英格兰金雀花王朝(the House of Plantagenet, 1154—1485)的爱德华三世(Edward III,13 November, 1312—1377)(1327—1377在位)以自己是查理四世外甥的名义宣称自己是法莫道不消魂国国王的合法继承人。在万圣节这天(All Saints' Day: 1st of November, the day on which a Christian feast honoring all the saints is observed. Also called  Allhallows.),林肯教堂的主教(Bishop of Lincoln)Henry Burghersh带着英王的挑衅抵达巴黎。延续116年的战争爆发了。


  这场旷日持久的战争几经反复,中间被几个短暂的以及两个较长的和平时期断开,直到最后金雀花王朝的势力从法莫道不消魂国被逐出(加来地区Calais Pale除外)。减去1360—1369和1389—1415这两个较长的和平时期,战争一共进行了81年。
  百年战争实际上是一系列的冲突,通常被分为了三到四个阶段:爱德华战争(the Edwardian War)(1337—1360),卡罗琳战争(the Caroline War)(1369—1389),兰卡斯特(Lancastrian War)(1414—1429),以及贞德(Joan of Arc, 1412–1431)出现后英军慢慢地退败。
  几场其它同时发生的欧洲争端也直接跟英法冲突有直接关联:布里多尼继承权之战(the Breton War of Succession),卡斯蒂利亚内战(the Castilian War)(西班牙内战),两个彼得之战(the War of the Two Peters)。“百年战争”一词是后来历史学家为描述这一系列事件而发明的词。


  战争开始时,法莫道不消魂国大约有1700万人口,英格兰有400万人口。另外,法莫道不消魂国通常被认为拥有当时欧洲最多的骑士。
1337年,爱德华三世率领军队在诺曼底(Normandy)登陆。起初,英军攻势很猛,取得了很大的胜利。1356年,法莫道不消魂国国王被俘,不得不以赎金赎回。英格兰占领了法莫道不消魂国更多的领土。
  1415年,英国国王亨利五世(Henry V, 1415-1422)继续推进战争并在10月25日阿金库尔(Agincourt,a village of northern France west-northwest of Arras)获得了压倒性的胜利,显示了装备大弓(longbow)的军队优于穿着厚重盔甲的封建武士。最终,1420年亨利五世被承认是法兰西国王。
  随着时间的前进,火枪炮和火东篱把酒黄昏后药被用到战争中。这样作为英军胜利保障的弓箭的效用就大大地被降低了。同时,法莫道不消魂国农民也在一位后来成为历史上著名的法莫道不消魂国国家英雄、名叫贞德的农家女子的带领下加入了抗击英军的行列。英军一步一步的失败最后在1453年被驱逐出了法莫道不消魂国。战争以盎格鲁—诺曼人(the Anglo-Normans)的失利而告终。


  百年战争使得英王失去了在欧洲大陆的领土。但是它却从另一方面对英格兰人产生了未曾预料到的好处。
  随着在大陆领土的丢失,在英格兰占统治地位的诺曼人开始把英格兰作为自己的家并把自己当作是属于英格兰民族的。到十四世纪末,英语又代替法语成为官方语言。
  战争没有扩大英格兰羊毛的出口,反而使得国内的羊毛纺织工业得到发展(the woolen textile industry),从而带给英格兰更大的利益。
  战争也加速了英格兰封建制度的衰落,因为战争中引入的火枪、炮和火东篱把酒黄昏后药使得封建城主变得容易被袭击。封建分离制度变得不实际了,这就给商业发展带来了契机。
  战争期间许多战术和武器发生了翻天覆地的革新。1453年的最后一场战役,卡斯蒂伦战役,火炮第一次成为欧洲历史上影响战争胜负的决定因素。
  火东篱把酒黄昏后药大大降低了被称为“封建主义之花”的骑士的作用和威望,因为一个熟练的农家枪有暗香盈袖手不需要多少训练就能轻易击败接受了常年训练的骑士。
  战争中,英军使用了为金钱而战的雇佣军(mercenary)。火枪、炮和火东篱把酒黄昏后药都需要用金钱购买。对金钱的需求使得有产阶半夜凉初透级(the moneyed class):商人和工匠占有了非常重要的社会地位。
  封建贵族阶半夜凉初透级不能再控制如此革莫道不消魂命性的战争体系。于是战争为中产阶半夜凉初透级(the middle class)的成长提供了土壤。
  战争的结束促进了民族国家的形成(the formation of national states)。英格兰国王对法莫道不消魂国领土持续的占有成为了法莫道不消魂国和英国的国家同一性发展的障碍。英军从法莫道不消魂国的撤离清除了这个障碍于是两个民族国家诞生了。


(More at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years'_War

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From Martin Luther King to Barack Obama

'I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset.' (from the poem 'The Negros Speak of Rivers' by Langston Hughes)


'I Have a Dream' by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.


1/4:
 


2/4:



3/4:



4/4:



Full Video:

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Journals of October, 2008

6th Oct  Mon
Class 4: 1. While I was introducing derivation I was mixed up between 'impatient' and 'inpatient'.
2. When I introduced the new Unit 3, about imagining life in the future, I forgot to link it to Unit 2, which was about the past history.


7th Oct Tue
1. To relate the vocabulary to other Ss' subjects is important but I still do not begin it.
2. Question: Exam-oriented mode can make some Ss here have the chance to be admitted to colleges, but how about the rest?


8th Oct Wed
Class 3 and Class 4: Because the school leaders will examine teachers' routine work, one of which is to examine the Ss' homework assigned by the teachers, I have to ask Ss to hand in their homework, one being a piece of writing, which I have assigned before the 1st October holiday, and the other being their exercise book, in which I have detailedly explained the questions.
    To my great surprise, of all the 100 Ss only a few more than 10 Ss have handed their homework in.
    So I begin to consider the reasons and ask for advice from my high school and university classmates.
    I admit that I have a preconception that since I have made detailed analysis of the questions in their exercise book they should have completed it or at least have made notes. However, the result is that they said they had not finish it, which make me can only think that they had not even 'move' their pen while I was making analysis during the class.
    I suppose that the reasons may vary: they forgot to take it to the classroom; they have no interest in English; their weak rudiments....
    And I also have to reflect upon my form of assigining homework. Is too difficult for the Ss to complete a piece of writing? I will have to vary their homework, or just simplify it to just copying the words from the vocabulary list in their textbook.


11th Oct Sat
Reflections on the Monthly Exam:
1. I forgot to print the lines at the head of the paper for writing the name, the class and the mark.
2. The Cloze was not carefully examined, and I had to correct the slips of printing at the beginning of the exam, which might add unnecessary pressure to Ss.
3. Multiple-choice: A. Nearly all the items are what I have analysed during the class, but the result is not what I have expected. The Ss seem cannot remember those points.
B. I made a mistake while making the paper that I only set 14 but not 15 as demanded choice-makings.
4. Reading: Some questions, I am not sure whether it is my fault or the printer's, were separated from the adjacent choices, which might have caused some Ss to neglect the question.
    Even the English representative of Class 4 told me that she had no time to complete the whole reading.
5. Proof-reading: Almost no S has done the least of this part, though I thought it was not that difficult.
6. Writing: No better than the Proof-reading. Maybe next time I will not set English writing but translation of a piece of Chinese writing instead.


I have put to practice the knowledge of how to make a exam paper, which I had learned during the last term of my university.


14th Oct Tue
1. Problem: How to transit the centre to the Ss-centred.
2. When I was a S in No. 37 High School, or as an university intern in Chongqing Tsinghua High School (No. 9 High School), I would find that teachers in one grade were grouped according to their subject and they could cooperate one another. But here that is unavailable to me, because of the whole Grade 2 there are only two English teachers, besides me. I have to deal with problem mostly by myself.


15th Oct Wed
I recall that when I introduced the -ed participals to Class 3 and 4 I treated all the -ed participals as Adverbials but actually there were some being Attributes.


16th Oct Thu
Truly the Word can consist in dialogues, just as what Socrates had proved. (The copyright of the following dialogue belongs to both my blog and blog.sina.com.cn/zhuyalan)
    ——上公開課和一般課的區別?我都還沒上過,只是現在馬上就要聽一個初中的了。
    ——公開課就是和楊曉鈺教我們的教學法一樣的
    ——如果你只是聽課的話就不關你的事了,給人家打高分就是了。

    ——但是為什麽要上公開課呢?
    ——師[示]範課唄。
    ——做秀,形式主義,政績工程

   
——既然是示範,就說明有效,既然有效,為什麽平時不用呢?那問題就來了,示範課真的有效嗎?如果無效,那為何又叫示範課?另,平時的課有效嗎?如果無效,為何平時上課都保持平庸地上課而不發展?
    ——這就是中國的現狀了。
   
——果然一句話就解決了。但是我認為在教英語方面不能和其他科目一起被中國特色了。就像Prof. 羅益民在上英詩時說不能和理工科的“同流合汙”一樣
  
  ——那樣的話成績就教不出來了
   
——但是我們自己的英語,在高中時,真的是老師灌出來的嗎?而那些英語不好的學生,用中國的灌真的能出成績嗎?我覺得英語關鍵是自學,而上課像示範課那樣確實能Motive,而傳統的如題海之類可用在習題課上。
   
——這就不知道了,你可以試試看啊
   
——Mary1146說Power Li 說老師的任務不是教知識,也不是教做人,而是教他們學會問問題,學會學。我覺得要是學生學英語只是能考個不錯的分數,就算學生是成功的,我們英語老師卻失敗了。
    ——那倒是。
    ——但是如果學生沒有成績,你的工作就失敗了。

   
——所以要專門的習題課
    ——恩。但是要跟進度的啊。
   
——那重點詞匯和語法盡快解決,多剩些時間做題。
    ——那你要這樣的話真的很難弄啊。
   
——馬克思說量變會帶來質變
    ——呵呵


17th Oct Fri
Still I cannot link English sentences to the reality. They can only serve as grammar-explaining examples but have little authentic sense.


20th Oct Mon
1. Key points can not only be taken as language points. They can also vary from those of grammar, of vocabulary, to those of teaching methods and learning strategies etc.
2. Class4: A. When I introduced the verb 'swallow', I also introduced its meaning as a noun, 'a bird....' Because the name of the English representative is Yanzi (燕子) so I believe that would increase the Ss' interest.
B. Making use of one sentence from the textbook 'What job will I do?', by making a list of their future-majors-choice as students of science and technology I introduced some prospectives of careers if they want to chase jobs in pure scientific fields, engineering fields or other fields of Arts.
3. Time to change the form of homework.
4. A. Grade Meeting for summarising the monthly exam. My problem was that the difficulty degree was so high that the Ss now could hardly achieve it and they should need some sense of success.
B. I was wondering at what degree on earth it could be considered 'basic' for the Ss? But when I went window-shopping in the bookshop I found from the authentic college entrance exams that this time I indeed had made the exam paper much more difficult than even some of the college entrance exam.


22nd Oct Wed
Class 3 and 4: I did not go on with new lessons but list all the grammar and (planed to list) the topics items in Chinese in that National English Curriculum Standard, without detailed explaining them but asking the Ss to get familiar with those items by all means by themselves.


27th Oct Mon
1. I begin to study the Schema Theory (I'm wondering why it is not 'scheme' but 'schema'?)—The new (and future?) knowledge is based on the past experience(s), which is called schema. And here comes the problem: At what degree or how much is the 'past' experience needed?
2. The japanimation Naruto offers me an inspiration that I compare the form of class organisation such as the organization of classroom, role-play activities, 3P Method, the application of multimedia, humour, referring to knowledge on other relevant subjects etc to the changing of the form of chakra ('Quantitative Change', accoding to Carl Marx); and the padagogy such as grammar-translation, task-base approach, communicative approach, which are 'big' issues, and the schema theory, learning strategies etc, which are comparatively 'small' ones to the changing of the quality of chakra ('Qualitative Change').


28th Oct Tue
1. Class 3: Though today's lesson was about the introduction of a new grammar item, 'Ellipsis', I had not so much prepared that the process of the lesson was smoothy and filled with pauses because of my unpreparedness.
2. The Grade leader said to me according to the Ss' feedback, I was rich in knowledge but lacking in the art of teaching. True it is.


29th Oct Wed
I feel that it has proved that my preparation and understanding of the textbook is too shallow, though for the weak rudiments which the Ss have long formed, it seems useless even if I had mastered the textbook.


31st Oct Fri
1. I have finished the making of the mid-term exam paper for next week. But one choice-making in one of the passages in Reading gets me and I can do nothing but made a speculative choice and wait for the answer paper to come out because this passage is from the Ss' exercise book but the Answers is still in the air for no reason or reasons which I don't know.
2. In order to make the Cloze easier, I have even personally adapted a text from New Concept English 4 for it.
3. The writing for this exam is translating a piece of Chinese writing into an English version, only demanding Ss to change the person from 'Xiao Wang' to 'I'.

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Journals of September, 2008

Class 3 and Class 4 of Grade 2 


1st Sept Mon    
     Class 4: 1. Self-introduction & pre-reading for the first reading class. Maybe I took them as Ss of junior high school or of Grade One of Senior, so I asked them to make self-introductions one by one. Maybe it was not necessary and I did not remember their names too.
    2. I taught too fast to make Ss have time to take notes.


2nd Sept Tue    
    Class 3: No new lesson, so I introduce some knowledge of a history of English and I taught them Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare, but I did not calculate that only a limited time was left so only part of it was introduced.


3rd Sept Wed 
    Class 4: 1. Reading should have occupied one whole class but I turned it to language points so that the comprehending questions were not finished.
    2. I forgot to tell them the information about Cholera as I had planned.
    Class 3: I did not prepare the word 'tsunami' and it might not be appropriate to look it up in the dictionary before the classroom.


All those 3 days the biggest problem is my blackboard writing.
Suggestions: to change the comprehending Qs to choice-making.


4th Sept Thu
    Class 4: 1. I corrected a mistake of my introduction of the usage of 'but' and 'and' between two clauses.
    2. One student suggested that the teaching pattern was boring.


5th Sept Fri
    1. Last night I began to feel tired and bored.
    2. Maybe I can ask some Ss to read each paragraph.
    Class3: How to tell between the infinitive 'to' and preposition 'to'?


10th Sept Wed
    1. My ideal of teaching is to teach English as teaching Chinese.
    2. Indeed linguistics can promote my teaching, but I want do so by improving my cultivation in English literature. According to Carl Marx, philosophy is about explaining the world and reconstructing it. But to me literature can 'create' another world.
    3. University life has offered me much and more. But probably I can not rely to much on it, or on the past. I should try to go outside with the spirit within it has offered me.
    4. The learning, or relearning of a language-Japanese, helps me calm down and focus my attention on other learnings.
    5. Maybe my character is not typical of that of Sagittarius, but my fate is.


12th Sept Fri
    Problem: How to activate Ss in learning tasks?


16th Sept Tue
    Class 3: One S thought that my speed of teaching was too slow and the analysis of text was too detailed.


18th Sept Thu
    Class 3, Problem: 1.How to transit in one class from one section to another in coherence?
    2. How to organise the classroom is now a problem.


19th Sept Fri
    Class 3: The homework might be set at the very beginning of a class so that there would be no need to worry about the disorder of the classroom when the bell for class-over is ringing.


20th Sept Sat
    I have downloaded a MP3 speech delivered by Mr 俞敏洪 in Ningxia University. And I decide to play it on next Tuesday's evening self-study time at Class 4.


22nd Sept Mon
    Class 4: 1. This unit is about English culture so I feel kind of relaxed.
    2. Because there is no morning reading today (only available on Thursday for Class 3 and on Friday for Class 4), so I had to teach Ss new words at the beginning of the class. 
    3. Problem needs to be solved on the Internet (at wikipedia.org) after class: Which is the longest river in Britain, Thames or Severn?


23rd Sept Tue
    I have not expected the evening class for self-study that is in the charge of me is taken up by politics exam without informing me. And I learn that my duty is only to in charge of the evening classroom but Ss can do things on other subjects.


24th Sept Wed
    Class 3: When the S who has asked me most questions learnt that this was my first year of teaching she said to me, 'We will not blame you.'
   
25th Sept Thu
    1.I find a way to relax, that is, to analyse exercise book and check the keys because compared with teaching the textbook it is much more relaxing for me as a university English major.
    2. Before analysing the exercise book I should have gone through it once—the following choice-making really got me.
    I __A__ a lot of German by playing with the native boys and girls. A. picked up; B. made up; C. took up; D. turned up 
    3. There no longer exists SWNU but SWU.


28th Sept Sun
    Class 3: Terrible teaching accident. Today's lessons were those of Tuesday for the 1st October Holiday. I took the first two classes of Class 3 as the last two in the morning, which were in the schedule of Class 4 of yesterday (for Monday's lessons). When the first was about to be over in 10 minutes I accidentally took a glimpse of the curricula schedule and found what a terrible thing I had done. (According to Mr 羅永浩, '愚蠢本能發作了。')

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双树之花,再度绽放

14th September, Mid Autumn Day. Only a few stars, which was unusual compared with other ordinary days here.


Finally for the first time in my life that I have tried with courage to make who I love know that I love her, though not by voice but through SMS, though the result was a failure and I felt some kind of regret. Fate makes me do it after almost 7 years.
  And it signifies that finally my heart has been set free from that 7-year-long bondage. And my past is not a burden any more.

She, who also comes from SWU and from Southwest China as well, symbolises the continual image of SWU, or even that far-away past. Now, though failed after a short period of time, I can say that I have had the experience of chasing love. I still replied through SMS with thanks to her for the reason that she may never know. So from now on I can begin to live with a light heart.

Finally I have grown up.



Finally Naruto has improved his skills from changing the form of his chakra to changing the quality of it. It signifies that he can invent his own distinctive skills. Kakashi says it is the result of extremely hard training; besides, the influence of Sasuke.
  Finally he, together with Sakura, has grown up.

My character is far from that of Sagittarius, but maybe my fate be.
  And again New Oriental's stories help me. The only tune in my mobile phone I have had that background music which is played every time before Kenshin is to duel; and a photo of 張栩 seated waiting along in a typical Japanese Weiqi room (“幽玄の間”?), the screen picture.
  To English literature I have decided to devote soul and life of mine.


钱俊 钱傻 钱老俊 钱 俊钱 钱同学 Mr Money 小钱 钱先生 钱老师 钱哥哥 钱多多

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相信自己,相信上帝,相信爱

  沉心,感受命运的气息。“惴惴然如临深渊”。我知道,“其艰难有如忍受百年孤独”。这里的地名——“水的坟墓”。可是啊,不是还有风元素吗?点亮内心的小宇宙。想想剑心是如何领悟飞天御剑流最高奥义的吧。我们这届西师毕业生,是继承了遗志的一届啊。



image



  the last two films that I watched in my university

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一叶一菩提

(一)
  四年前,内心带着缘起 婧 的牵绊,由老路沿着嘉陵江的碚崖,来到重庆市传说中空气质量最好的北碚区,来到了西南师范大学、外国语学院、荟文楼,不仅为求学,也为能静心感受和思考这牵绊把我引进的新的精神层面;四年后,穿过高速路的隧道,离开了有图书馆和外国语学院的西南大学,准备“一意孤行”踏上神召之路。


(二)
  
四年前,西南师范大学的文学院外面是雄壮的绿意;四年后,西南大学的文学院外一大块绿色被挖去成了停车坝。
  
四年前,西南师大的文学院和政法学院之间有个空空的经济学院;四年后,这里成了西南大学的“宓园”,竖起了 “十年”期间在西南师院受尽屈辱和折磨的吴宓先生的头像和一座亭子,以之为荣耀。
  四年前,西师的大电视屏幕下是樟树林草坪;四年后的西南大学,樟树林还在,不见了那块草坪。
  四年前,挂着十一教牌子的雄伟的田家炳书院已经矗立在我们新生的眼里,十教还在修建;四年后,光彩四射的理科大楼据说能看见西南大学全景。
  四年前,文学院下到政法学院之间有两条路,都是泥路,晚上经常只能凭感觉小心地移动; 四年后,只有一条砌得整齐的石梯路,晚上有灯和摄像仪照着。还有两匹文物石马如今只见一匹。
  四年前,西师街有座较老的礼堂(电影院?);四年后,羽毛球在那里飞扬。
  
四年前,桃园6舍下面的池塘是又烂又脏;四年后,成了修砌一新的“文渊湖”,夏日荷叶舒展,不时还飞来几只白鹭。
  四年前,文学院还有网络机房,但很快就迁到荟文楼;四年后,不知田家炳书院那个高楼里的机房还在不?
  四年前,还坚定地相信有个高级阶段必然会实现;四年后,接触了历史的载体、了解了启蒙、认识了上帝。
  四年前,每周都回家,都是三块钱的老路车;四年后,还是基本每周都回家,只是高速路已成了习惯。大四上期(大三下期?)有一次想再坐老路,却发现因为每趟车都有无数人去挤只好继续高速。
  
四年前,喜欢罗大佑的歌,因为苦撑了牵绊的重量;四年后,从《夜曲》开始,以电影《不能说的秘密》为极致,又多了个周杰伦,却无需作为支撑。在寝室看完《不能说的秘密后》后,已是凌晨,急速完成了我的第一首有点模样的诗“缪斯的神迹”发在博客上。
  四年前,死认英国英语不放;四年后,无论接触到的是英国还是美国、中国式的英语,都无所谓了。
  四年前,常去彩虹桥下的网吧一条街《梦幻西游》;四年后,已不再玩网游,也再没去过网吧,但仍常看到网吧的老板娘们风风火火地招揽靠近的路过的青年们。
  四年前,以为将平静地度过四年;四年后,毕业前的一场大地薄雾浓云愁永昼震使我更加感谢每一天生命的宝贵。
  四年前,我QQ上的网名是“轩辕猛士”;四年后,由“蓝色镜鱼”变成了“蓝水天”。
image

(三)
  
图书馆。第一次从里面借出书来却是到了2005年的五月,北大出版社“十五讲”系列的《西方哲学十五讲》,前言里面“追求永生的人必有一死,必有一死的人追求永生”,这是高中时看中央10台百家讲坛的一次哲学讲座就听到的,好像就跟本书的作者有关系。之前一直都在新华书店之类看“霸王书”,或直接买。大学给我的底蕴,恐怕就在这建筑里了。直到真正离校前的一周才跑到旧馆旁边的新馆里一次把新馆的构造搞清楚,之前一直没超过第三层(第二层?),连底层的环境也没弄清楚过。

  荟文楼。我们的专业教室所在,几乎没有人会把她叫作九教。正如我在“English My Major”里提到的,构造复杂,犹如“八卦”。为了迎接评估,还在楼道的墙上挂上名家的肖像。据说不久荟文楼将整个给历旅学院,新的外语大楼将在竹园(竹园在哪儿我都还没完全搞清)建起。我的初中拆了修新的,高中也拆了建新的。大学没拆,却换了。似乎只有我的小学从外面看起来还没大的动作。

  有时候,空空的公共教室(自习室)会飞来麻雀之类的小鸟,叽叽喳喳,跳跃自如。反倒突出了教室和内心的平静。
  大三下期还是大四上期,荟文楼底楼的教室,午后坐在前排上自习。一只小老鼠从门外进来,先竖了竖耳朵,再沿着墙沿,跳进墙角的塑料桶,里面撞了几秒后又跳了出来,衔着一片枯叶,不紧不慢地离开。可爱极了。

  外院“自主学习中心”(俗称“堕落中心”),在荟文楼里。(不知现在成了学校的没有,还是其他学院也有自己的?)看了无数动漫和其它影视。一次停电后再去,发现十元多变成了一角多。从此再也没去。好像评估后院上往里面充了五小时还是五元,但一直没去管。

  桃园食堂、禾丰楼、如归轩、桂园对面马路的贵州牛肉刀削面。食堂质量最崴,禾丰楼分量最少。

  在清华中学实习。

  承扬书店、学养书店、绿叶教育书店、诚章书店。
  进入大学后影响我的第一本书《愧对鲁迅》是在承扬书店买的,就在桃园;还有用好像58元就买到了那本中英对照的金边New Revised Standard Version。不久后不知道是不是在北碚新华书店看到过一次共一本,标价98,再后来就看不到这种版本的《圣经》了,据说要买的话需超过百元且要通过“渠道”。
  承扬书店最初在桃园有、橘园有。后来桃园的撤了,然后是橘园,都转移到校外的一家“总店”了。不过校内还剩下原西农图书馆旁的一家。
  学养书店在图书馆的后面,初进校园时除了承扬就知道这个在校内的书店了。后来不知道什么原因好像在大二(?)幽然消失了。
  桂园宾馆外的绿叶和诚章是后来才知道的,好像都大三(?)了。
  绿叶教育书店,顾名思义,主要是跟教育学有关的书籍。大三下(?)不在了,据说是搬走了,新位置至今不知。
  诚章书店。很多英语专业的书,当然也有其它专业的。大四下期的时候疯狂地在这里买了很多英语书。
  以上书店任何时候都打折(忘了绿叶书店是不是也打折),后来外文书店从校外搬进校内图书馆下面成立新的新华书店校内分店后,一小部分书也采取了打折,估计也是被这些给逼的,尽管新华在校外的北碚店仍然原价。
  北碚步行街下面还有一个“现代书城”。中学时“现代书城”的名字好像在重庆很有名,可是北碚的这家实在是太“破落”。不过刚好大一上期时遇到了它的“开业日”。整个四年几乎没进去过几次。

  西师街一般周六周日才摆出的书摊,卖盗版书或者过刊。我的五本《哈利波特》英文原版(从《囚徒》到《死圣》)都是在这里买的。平均每本二十多左右质量也不错,北碚新华书店可是要两百多甚至接近三百才买得到且看样子并不像正版的。可惜买Deathly Hallows时居然没意识到是美国版的。以前看到几本《龙枪》系列的英文版,但有了电子书就没买。还看到了萨尔瓦多的英文原版《被遗忘的国度》中的一个系列,四本全齐时没买,后来想买时只剩下两本就没买了。还有其它很多中文英文书,基本都是五折。

  旧书市场。第一次见识旧书市场。最开始就在外面有个门市入口,后来迁到农贸市场内。里面味道怪怪的,既有农产品的气味,又有旧书本身的怪味。不过买到很多不到五折的书,特别是用20元就买到了新华书店六十多的《新版标准日语初级》,当时高兴昏了,当然肯定是盗版的。用十五元买到了周末在西师街书摊要二十五元的小本中文《圣经》。


(四)
  
四年前,本以为进入大学后能从浩瀚的书海里去思考那牵绊,没想到却从动漫中获得更多的感受和思考。据说是孟子说的“大人者,不失其赤子之心者也。”

  《圣斗士冥王篇》。很幸运能在高三看到拍成动画的《冥王黄金十二宫篇》的片断,特别是沙加在娑罗双树下化尘而去的那一段。那时的沙加(和雅典娜)是我高半夜凉初透考最大的精神支柱(之一),使我内心能承受着牵绊的重量在高半夜凉初透考考场上冒着闷热的天气穿着不透水的蓝色外套极限以赴。今年三月开始,每两个月出两集《极乐净土篇》,到八月出完。终于有个段落。

双树娑罗天轮舞,叹息墙前莲华怒。

 

  “生命,那对人类而言,不,是对所有的生物而言,神赋予的至高无上的光辉、无可取代的东西。只要一息尚在,就算失去一切,就算身受重创,人类还是能够发挥出无穷无尽的力量。”“只要一息尚存,就一定能够引发奇迹的。”

   
  《新世纪福音战士》。最撞击我神经的悲剧巅峰之作,尽管TV版的结局因为当时工时紧,草草结尾弄得云里雾里,后来出的剧场版才正式结束。很庆幸少年时看的中国大陆引进后再“删译”成的什么《新世纪天鹰战士》没有给我留下太多印象。没有其它一部动漫能如此地影响我的情感和精神的其他层面。虽然有些心理场景挺恐怖的,但也突出了动漫角色们内心的痛苦,和我的。心理学、宗教、伦理、人类学等等。(或许在很多人心里动漫就是“少儿片”、“幼稚片”吧。)当看到23集绫波しィ自我引爆时,整个人愣在电脑屏幕前,已忘了感叹唏嘘,牵绊再次拨动心弦。

  《棋魂》。因为围棋,不仅仅把它当作一部动漫。“连接遥远的过去和遥远的未来,我为此而存在。”是漫画版里出现的,不知什么时候能制成动画。


  《剑心》TV版、《剑心追忆篇》、《剑心星霜篇》。要是从所有的动漫人物中选出一个最喜欢的话那就是绯村剑心了。TV版是在“堕落中心”看的,看到和志志雄决战结束后回到家里的一集就没了。剩下的也没去网上看。倒是下载了画风跟TV版有很大不同的《追忆篇》和大结局《星霜篇》。
剑心

  追忆、白梅香、十字疤、逆刃、薰风、星霜。
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  《火影忍者》。里面第一次遇到了两个影响我一生的词——“羁绊”、“存在的价值”。每人都有各自闪光的特点,每个人都背负着自己的宿命,无论悲剧与否。不知为何,倒很喜欢出镜率并不高,但每次出场必定热血沸腾的李——“青春,全力挥洒!”两年多了吧,漫画和动画都还在继续中。最后一次在学校“樟树林”论坛看到的漫画是第406话“通向未来的钥匙”,鹿丸激励消沉的鸣人:“你迟早也会成为请别人吃拉面的一方,被叫作鸣人老师吧。”

  《犬夜叉》。在“堕落中心”没看完,太长了,也无兴趣去搜漫画。其实《犬夜叉》对我来说只是一部普通的动漫,倒是在前不久离校前一周左右在 “樟树林”论坛上无意中看到熬了多年的漫画结局终于出来了,比较圆满。于是不由得又起了别离的感叹。
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(五)
  
就要去海南了。据说是赵治勋《治孤的真髓》的话语:
  
“其实,当时我对此处能否走出棋来也并没有把握,但是,我抱着我属于治孤型棋手的这种信念,而我的人生本来就如同一条治孤的道路,世界之大,岂能无容身之所,风浪再急,总还有停泊之港湾。在治孤的人生中,只有狭窄的空间,而没有狭小的胸怀。”
  
“在治孤的时候,同样离不开积极的态度,做眼固然重要,但光会忍气吞声地做眼是不够的,不妨以强者的姿态出现,积极地抓住对方棋形上的弱点,在很多时候,活路也正存在于此之中。”
  
“即使在如此困难的情况下,却仍不失自信,这就是治孤型棋手的一个显著特点,棋盘上各种各样的手段,也经常在这种信念之下产生。诚然,限于周围的条件,治孤失败的例子也不少,但不知你是否想过,之所以会失败,是否与你努力的程度有关?困难无时无刻都存在着,自己的棋力,正是通过解决形形色色困难的能力而体现出来。” 
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(六)
  
记得大四上期有次还是本院教授讲的美国的新英格兰文学都没去,结果使得四年大学只有大四上学期没去听一次讲座,一个缺憾。已不记得第一次在大学听讲座是大一上期的什么时候、在那里、题目内容是什么、讲者是谁;大学最后一次听是612日星期四八教308“雨僧讲坛”(“雨僧”是吴宓先生的一个称号)从美国来的邓鹏教授,题目讲是的老知青那一代的境遇,对“老知青”做了一个和“老三届”的区分定义。有的地方还是需要胆量才能讲的。不由开始联想自己的今后该如何好好地度过一生。

 

  最后一年,第一次有了丧失希望的感觉。每个人都有自己的成熟过程。对我而言,或许就是在找工作中慢慢成熟的吧。专八考试时,已完全放弃了希望,最后却奇迹般地通过了,只想到看来上帝还没放弃我。或许之前所有的失败都是在为专八积攒运势。接下来的未来,重拾希望继续前行。
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(七)
  
初进校园时,晚上在第一运动场周围的树干第一次在现实中见到了没有壳的“蜗牛”—— 蛞蝓;第一次感叹“北碚的蚂蚁好大!”;在进大学之前,银杏树给我的感觉是神秘的,进了大学后,虽不是到处可见,但至少我们桃园就生长着高高的一排,荟文楼附近好像也有。
  四年北碚,却没登过一次缙云山,没走进过一次张自忠将军的墓园,没有读一页吴宓先生的日记,没有去深入了解把北碚由“从一个盗匪出入的破败乡村建成了一个文明的模范市镇”(傅国涌先生文)的卢作孚先生。
  也是一次迷路,无意中找到北碚公园,却一次没进去过,尽管免费。
  2006年世界杯,我的意大利点球决战获胜夺冠。不过之前对澳大利亚的比赛黄健翔着实为大利疯狂了一把。

  是不是大二上期的某个夜晚,独自一人在满天的星辰之下“熟悉”校园,一直走到和西农的“边界路”为止。晕头转向地到处乱逛,差点找不着回宿舍的路。
  四个春天,都没有好好在荟文楼的樱花前仔细驻足。
  
七年前的四月清晨,在去学校的半坡途中,微风吹拂着初升太阳的柔和光芒,第一次感受到人类生命光辉的温暖,“(以人的形式)活着的感觉真好。”;七年后的今年三月,当以为签定攀枝花米易县后的第二天,在图书馆后的“蜀园”孔夫子小道上,轻快的木叶唱着金色的阳光像一幅幕帘飘舞着在图书馆的外墙和我之间倾泻而下。 

 

(八)
  
感觉型的我在四年最后的时间里又感觉到了感觉。
  无论是712班还是一星期后的2516班同日语班的毕业聚餐,整个当天都是晴日高照,可转到第二天就风雨大作。
  30日。中午一个人在如归轩吃完饭,出来走了一段路才发现1250分短信就来了:“同志们,我已经上车了……”已是1315左右了。行为又比直觉慢了一次。傍晚,从图书馆的“正门”宽石阶踏上,小池边,榕树下,石凳,脱掉拖鞋,光脚和地面接触,摊开刚去买的《围棋天地》,一粒树种落在脚边,拾起。决定带回家放进在清华中学实习时最后的那个小瓶里,且并不打算带到海南去。晚,风雨,电闪,雷鸣。
  1日晨,帮忙贴档案袋,亲手贴上我们6班同学的标签,和其她班的。晚,散步。通往荟文楼的大道,鲁迅先生的头像前,注视,往荟文楼的方向走了几步,回走,再次在先生的石像前,凝视,还是离去。荟文楼前,夜视的摄像仪对着我,我对着摄像仪,偏着头。荟文楼的柱子,右拳放上,反作用力使我离开。本想在学校三处地方分别放一枚一角的硬币,还是放弃。我的别情、埋在这里的底蕴,不是具体的物能承担的。
  2日晨,荟文楼的大厅,等待八点钟,想最后一次听上课铃声。或许是今天考试,八点过了几分都没有铃响。只得离去。又一次经过先生的像,似乎先生还没睡醒呢。到了图书馆,还是从宽的正石阶上去,确认那颗种子是从那榕树上掉下的。用一卡通测试,发现还能进图书馆,通过了就旋了出来,没进去。在图书馆外的金属雕塑前,脱掉拖鞋,踩上光脚。在报告厅下的那块平地,小草丛生,又一次脱鞋,踩上光脚。回寝的路上,远远地望见先生石像的基座。回到桃园6舍。离校。

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(九)
  
四年前也写过很长很长的一篇,手写,倾注了最多的情感和心力,只为了婧,为了牵绊。不管罗老师后来转交了没有现在已经坦然了。只是牵绊依旧。当从她的51确认了一件事后,还是忍不住在博客写下了“命运的红线断了”一诗。最近从QQ资料里感觉北京一行后好像出了问题,希望她无论发生什么,都要带着乐观之心幸福地生活。
    To melt and be like a running brook that sings its melody to the night.
    
To know the pain of too much tenderness.
    
To be wounded by your own understanding of love;
    
And to bleed willingly and joyfully.
    
To wake at dawn with a winged heart and give thanks for another day of loving;
    
To rest at the noon hour and meditate loves ecstasy;
    
To return home at eventide with gratitude;
    
And then to sleep with a prayer for the beloved in your heart and a song of praise upon your lips. (Kahlil Gibran)
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(十)
  博客一年半,一直用“Life”作为日志分类来记录历程,到了620号写完“一花一世界”后就改为了“荟文流韵”。这篇完了以后的日志都不会再添到里面了。新的分类暂且打算以陈丹青先生所提的“一意孤行”为名吧。

 

  《永远的画面》,不知为何第一次听到时会认为唱着不适合,音质音色歌词都不好,可后来却越来越入味了,特别是在毕业晚会正式演出后。
  因为大春忘了给班长说就没有最后的6班同学相册集,所以我把我的转给了他。所有的瞬间所有的感动都已流淌在我的记忆中了,照片载的岂能当作一切呢?

  
  不知道该如何结尾。写之前就知道这篇文字就像是一个告别的挥手。但我相信挥不断牵绊。
  歌声已远,心声依旧……

 

                二〇〇八年七月三日 o(∩_∩)o 二〇〇八年七月五日

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